Science

What the evidence says — and what it doesn't yet.

A short, conservative overview of each modality we work with, separating what is established from what is emerging. Peer-reviewed references are being added to each section.

Cell therapy

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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What we know

MSCs are multipotent stromal cells found in tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord. They are defined by surface markers (CD73, CD90, CD105) and by their capacity to differentiate in the laboratory.

Emerging evidence

Much of their activity is attributed to paracrine and immunomodulatory signaling rather than engraftment. Clinical studies span orthopedic, inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions, with results that vary by indication and protocol.

Clinical context

Use is a physician's decision within local regulation. Regulatory status differs by country and indication; many applications remain investigational.

Cell immunotherapy

NK Cells

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What we know

Natural killer cells are innate immune lymphocytes (typically CD56+ CD3−) that recognize and eliminate stressed or abnormal cells without prior sensitization.

Emerging evidence

They are being studied in oncology and immune research, including adoptive transfer approaches. Many studies are early-stage.

Clinical context

NK cell therapies are investigational in most settings and should be used only under specialist supervision.

Cell therapy

Muse Cells

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What we know

Muse cells are a stress-tolerant subpopulation identified by the SSEA-3 marker, found within mesenchymal tissues and bone marrow. They were first described in 2010.

Emerging evidence

Preclinical research describes multilineage differentiation and migration toward damaged tissue. Early clinical studies have been reported, mostly in Japan.

Clinical context

Evidence in humans is still limited; Muse cell therapies should be considered investigational.

Extracellular vesicles

Exosomes

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What we know

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (about 30–150 nm) released by cells, carrying proteins, lipids and RNA. International guidelines (MISEV) define how they should be characterized.

Emerging evidence

Research is exploring their role in cell-to-cell signaling and tissue repair. Most data are preclinical, and composition varies by source and process.

Clinical context

Exosome products are not approved as therapies in many jurisdictions, including the United States. Characterization data should accompany any product used in practice.

1CELL Longevity

Peptides

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What we know

Peptides are short chains of amino acids that act as signaling molecules. Compounds such as BPC-157, TB-500 (a thymosin β4 fragment), GHK-Cu and ipamorelin are studied for different signaling roles.

Emerging evidence

Evidence ranges from laboratory and animal studies to limited human data, depending on the compound. GHK-Cu has been studied in topical skin applications.

Clinical context

Several of these peptides are not approved for therapeutic use. They should be used only with a written protocol and qualified medical guidance.

References

Research library.

We are compiling peer-reviewed references for each modality. They will appear here, linked to their original sources.

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